Benign Lymphangioendothelioma

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Background

Benign lymphangioendothelioma (BLAE) (also known as acquired progressive lymphangioma) is an uncommon vascular tumor that is of importance primarily because it can be confused histologically with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) or angiosarcoma.[1, 2] Jones et al first described the tumor as acquired progressive lymphangioma and later as benign lymphangioendothelioma.[3]

Pathophysiology

Benign lymphangioendothelioma is a proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells that stain positively for CD31, CD34, podoplanin (D2-40, a lymphatic marker), LYVE-1, and PORX-1.[4, 5] Benign lymphangioendothelioma is not associated with preexisting vascular malformations or lymphedema. Although the lesion rarely is identified during infancy, some suggest it is a hamartoma that first becomes apparent during adolescence or young adult life; the development of benign lymphangioendothelioma is possibly triggered by hormonal changes.

Etiology

In most instances, the cause is unknown. Trauma has often been blamed,[6] but a reliable connection has never been established. A reactive process versus tumoral etiology is suggested in some literature.[7] In one patient, femoral arteriography was proposed to be a trigger.[8] One case has been reported in association with HIV/AIDS.[9]

Epidemiology

US frequency

Benign lymphangioendothelioma is rare; fewer than 30 cases have been reported.

Race

No racial predisposition is reported.

Sex

Males and females are affected equally.

Age

Benign lymphangioendothelioma can affect patients ranging from age 17-90 years (median age 54 y).[1]

Prognosis

The prognosis is excellent.

Patient Education

Inform patients they have a rare (though benign) vascular tumor that is poorly understood, and annual screening is recommended.

History

A single, asymptomatic, slowly expanding patch, plaque, or nodule usually manifests during adolescence or young adulthood.[10] Congenital lesions have been reported. A single example of a giant variant has also been described.[11]

Physical Examination

Flat to slightly elevated, slowly expanding, red-brown lesions that resemble a bruise may be observed. Occasionally, a red-brown dermal nodule or a skin-colored subcutaneous mass may be observed, either within the patch or alone (see the image below).[12, 13]



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Erythematous nodule with macular component at the periphery.

Laboratory Studies

No laboratory studies are necessary for the diagnosis of benign lymphangioendothelioma (BLAE).

Imaging Studies

Imaging studies usually are not helpful in diagnosing flat lesions. Because the tumor is so uncommon, suggesting an appropriate imaging modality is difficult.

Other Tests

No other tests are necessary.

Procedures

Biopsy of the suspect lesion is required for diagnosis.

Histologic Findings

The striking features of benign lymphangioendothelioma are the thin-walled endothelial-lined spaces that are interspersed between strands of collagen. Flat lesions may exhibit only this feature, whereas more nodular lesions may have a central collection of multiple complex vascular spaces (see the image below).



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Overview of a histologic section from a tumor depicting dilated vascular spaces interspersed between collagen fibers and a more central accumulation o....

More superficial channels are dilated, whereas at the periphery and deeper, the channels are slitlike. The spaces are usually empty or they may contain proteinaceous material, but they usually do not have abundant red blood cells (see the image below).



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High-power view showing dilated vascular channel with innocent endothelial cells.

The endothelial cells are not large or otherwise atypical. Occasionally, a hobnail pattern is seen, suggesting some relationship to targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma and related tumors. Extravasated red blood cells, hemosiderin, and plasma cells, which are 3 markers for Kaposi sarcoma, are not observed. Less differentiated accumulations of tumor cells are not found.

The endothelial cells stain positively for lymphatic markers such as podoplanin (D2-40), LYVE-1, and PROX-1. Staining for human herpesvirus type 8 is negative, excluding the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma. The cells are also variably positive for factor VIII, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, CD31, and CD34. The staining patterns are too variable to be of diagnostic importance and one should rely primarily on the lymphatic stains.[14, 15] See the images below.



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High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells in a hematoxylin and eosin–stained section.



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High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells stained positively with podoplanin.

Medical Care

No medical care is required for benign lymphangioendothelioma (BLAE).

Surgical Care

Once the diagnosis is established, no treatment is necessary. Solitary nodules can be excised; occasionally, local recurrence is observed. If more extensive patches and plaques are cosmetically disturbing but too large to excise, they can be treated with a laser. However, because benign lymphangioendothelioma is relatively free of blood, the usual absorption characteristics that are importance in hemangiomas and vascular malformations are less important, and an individually tailored approach with test areas is recommended.

Consultations

Because of the rarity of BLAE, many dermatopathologists or surgical pathologists may seek additional evaluation of the specimen from other pathologists. Additionally, appropriate consultations as necessary for surgical treatment.

Complications

Complications are usually only those associated with surgery and laser treatment, such as scarring and pigmentary change.

Long-Term Monitoring

Because of the histologic confusion at times between BLAE, angiosarcoma, and Kaposi sarcoma, annual follow-up to assess for recurrence is recommended.

Medication Summary

As this is a rare condition, no specific medical therapy has been shown to be reliably effective. Systemic corticosteroids  were reported to be effective in one case.

Author

Donald Shenenberger, MD, FAAD, FAAFP, Board Certified Dermatologist

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editors

David F Butler, MD, Former Section Chief of Dermatology, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System; Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Founding Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rosalie Elenitsas, MD, Herman Beerman Professor of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director, Penn Cutaneous Pathology Services, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Health System

Disclosure: Received royalty from Lippincott Williams Wilkins for textbook editor.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington at Seattle School of Medicine; Chief, Dermatology Section, Primary and Specialty Care Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center of Seattle

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Walter HC Burgdorf, MD Clinical Lecturer, Department of Dermatology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany

Walter HC Burgdorf, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Dermatological Association, American Society of Dermatopathology, International Society of Dermatopathology, and Society for Pediatric Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Guillou L, Fletcher CD. Benign lymphangioendothelioma (acquired progressive lymphangioma): a lesion not to be confused with well-differentiated angiosarcoma and patch stage Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of a series. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000 Aug. 24(8):1047-57. [View Abstract]
  2. Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997 Dec. 37(6):887-919; quiz 920-2. [View Abstract]
  3. Jones EW, Winkelmann RK, Zachary CB, Reda AM. Benign lymphangioendothelioma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Aug. 23(2 Pt 1):229-35. [View Abstract]
  4. Messeguer F, Sanmartín O, Martorell-Calatayud A, Nagore E, Requena C, Guillen-Barona C. [Acquired progressive lymphangioma (benign lymphangioendothelioma)]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2010 Nov. 101(9):792-7. [View Abstract]
  5. Wang L, Chen L, Yang X, Gao T, Wang G. Benign lymphangioendothelioma: a clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2013 Nov. 40 (11):945-9. [View Abstract]
  6. Mizuno K, Okamoto H. Benign lymphangioendothelioma on a vascular birthmark following examination of a cardiac catheter. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Jul. 54 (7):e273-4. [View Abstract]
  7. Fernandez-Flores A. Benign lymphangioendothelioma. Dermatopathonline. Available at http://www.dermatopathonline.com/lymphangioendothelioma2.html. Accessed: February 24, 2013.
  8. Kato H, Kadoya A. Acquired progressive lymphangioma occurring following femoral arteriography. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996 Mar. 21(2):159-62. [View Abstract]
  9. Paik AS, Lee PH, O'Grady TC. Acquired progressive lymphangioma in an HIV-positive patient. J Cutan Pathol. 2007 Nov. 34(11):882-5. [View Abstract]
  10. Schnebelen AM, Page J, Gardner JM, Shalin SC. Benign lymphangioendothelioma presenting as a giant flank mass. J Cutan Pathol. 2015 Mar. 42 (3):217-21. [View Abstract]
  11. Revelles JM, Díaz JL, Angulo J, Santonja C, Kutzner H, Requena L. Giant benign lymphangioendothelioma. J Cutan Pathol. 2012 Oct. 39 (10):950-6. [View Abstract]
  12. Hwang LY, Guill CK, Page RN, Hsu S. Acquired progressive lymphangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Nov. 49(5 Suppl):S250-1. [View Abstract]
  13. Kim HS, Kim JW, Yu DS. Acquired progressive lymphangioma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 Mar. 21(3):416-7. [View Abstract]
  14. Herron GS, Rouse RV, Kosek JC, Smoller BR, Egbert BM. Benign lymphangioendothelioma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Aug. 31(2 Pt 2):362-8. [View Abstract]
  15. Watanabe M, Kishiyama K, Ohkawara A. Acquired progressive lymphangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 May. 8(5):663-7. [View Abstract]

Erythematous nodule with macular component at the periphery.

Overview of a histologic section from a tumor depicting dilated vascular spaces interspersed between collagen fibers and a more central accumulation of many complex vascular spaces.

High-power view showing dilated vascular channel with innocent endothelial cells.

High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells in a hematoxylin and eosin–stained section.

High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells stained positively with podoplanin.

Erythematous nodule with macular component at the periphery.

Overview of a histologic section from a tumor depicting dilated vascular spaces interspersed between collagen fibers and a more central accumulation of many complex vascular spaces.

High-power view showing dilated vascular channel with innocent endothelial cells.

High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells in a hematoxylin and eosin–stained section.

High-power view showing lymphatic endothelial cells stained positively with podoplanin.