Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is a self-limited childhood exanthem that manifests in a characteristic acral distribution. It is rarely associated with systemic findings. The original cases, described in Italy by Gianotti in 1955, were associated with hepatitis B virus infection, although other viral infections currently account for most cases.
The two older, descriptive designations, papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC) and papulovesicular acrolocated syndrome (PAS), described indistinguishable clinical entities. PAC is the term most commonly used today.
Also see the Medscape Drugs & Diseases article Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome.
Although the original reports of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (papular acrodermatitis of childhood) were attributed to acute infection with the hepatitis B virus, more recent studies have demonstrated that Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is more commonly associated with a number of other infectious agents, both viral and bacterial. In the United States, the agent that has been reported most frequently in association with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
The pathophysiologic process underlying Gianotti-Crosti syndrome remains unknown, although it is believed to represent an immunologic response to transient viremia or bacteremia, possibly a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Deposition of circulating immune complexes in the dermis may play a role. Several studies have failed to demonstrate deposition of viral particles or bacteria within the dermis.
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome has been associated with the following infectious agents:
Hepatitis B virus, most commonly ayw strain[1]
Epstein-Barr virus (probably the most common etiology)[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] : Gianotti-Crosti syndrome has been associated with both primary infection and with endogenous reactivation of EBV.[6]
Respiratory syncytial virus
[7]
Coxsackieviruses,[8, 9, 4] echoviruses, and other enteroviruses[7]
Parainfluenza virus
[4]
Parvovirus B19
[10]
Poxvirus
[10]
Cytomegalovirus
[8, 1, 11]
Influenza virus, type A[12]
Human herpesvirus 6, both primary infection and reactivation of latent infection[13]
Herpes simplex virus-1[14]
Rotavirus[15]
Hepatitis C virus[11]
Human immunodeficiency virus[11]
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
Neisseria meningitidis[16]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae[17]
Bartonella henselae
Borrelia burgdorferi
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome has also been reported to occur after vaccination for the following:
Hepatitis A virus[18, 19]
Hepatitis B virus[20, 21, 22]
Measles, mumps, rubella viruses (MMR)[2, 23]
Measles virus[20]
Influenza virus[24]
H1N1 influenza A virus[25, 26, 27]
Oral poliovirus vaccine[28]
Japanese encephalitis virus[29]
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) and varicella virus[30]
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis[31]
Diphtheria[4]
BCG, poliovirus, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis[8]
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (papular acrodermatitis of childhood) occurs sporadically in the clinical setting, with no apparent genetic or familial predisposition. Gianotti-Crosti syndrome appears to be uncommon and may go unrecognized because of its generally benign and self-limited course. Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is more commonly seen in the spring and summer, possibly as a result of a concomitant increase in viral illness seen in the general population.
International
The distribution of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (papular acrodermatitis of childhood) is worldwide, with cases reported in Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Russia, Turkey, India, Hong Kong, China, and Japan. In one series of 20,000 patients younger than 5 years seen over a 5-year period in Bordeaux, France, 26 patients with features consistent with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome were identified, yielding an annual incidence of 0.13%.[8]
Race
No racial predilection is apparent for Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.
Sex
In children, males and females are equally affected. Reported cases in adults have been seen almost exclusively in females.
Age
The onset of the eruption typically occurs in children aged 3 months to 15 years, with an average age of 2 years and a peak incidence at 1-6 years. Adult cases are rare but have been reported in women aged 17-46 years.[17, 32, 33, 34, 24, 35, 36]
The prognosis is excellent. This syndrome is generally a benign, self-limited condition. The eruption usually starts to resolve after 6-8 weeks.
In the original cases of hepatitis B virus-associated disease, anicteric hepatitis developed in a proportion of patients. Anicteric hepatitis may also be seen in cases associated with other viral illnesses such as EBV.
In extremely rare cases, chronic liver disease has followed the initial phase of infection with hepatitis B virus.
Discussion with the parents regarding the benign, self-limited course is advisable. If a particular viral or bacterial infection is suspected as the etiology, the course of the associated infection should also be discussed.
Children with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (papular acrodermatitis of childhood) usually present with an acute, symmetric, exanthematous, asymptomatic cutaneous eruption that develops over several days. The eruption typically lasts at least 10 days but can last longer than 6 weeks in more than 50% of patients. Complete resolution typically takes more than 2 months. Recurrences are rare, although a recurrent case associated with influenza virus vaccination has been reported.[37] Pruritus accompanies the eruption in 23% of patients.
Other symptoms related to the primary viral syndrome or underlying bacterial infection may include mild constitutional symptoms such as low-grade fever and malaise, pharyngitis and/or mucosal lesions, or symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. When associated with a hepatitis B virus, EBV, or CMV infection, an anicteric acute hepatitis may be present.
A case control study of 29 children with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome from Bologna, Italy demonstrated a higher prevalence of atopic dermatitis in patients versus controls (24.1% vs 6.8%). They also found that patients were more likely than controls to have elevated levels of total and specific immunoglobulin E and a family history of atopy.[38]
The cutaneous eruption of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (papular acrodermatitis of childhood) is characterized by monomorphous pale, pink-to-flesh–colored or erythematous 1- to 10-mm papules or papulovesicles localized symmetrically and acrally over the extensor surfaces of the extremities, the buttocks, and the face. The number of lesions ranges from few to many. The trunk, knees, elbows, palms, and soles are rarely involved, and, in general, extensive involvement of the trunk is not consistent with a diagnosis of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. Individual papules may coalesce to form larger plaques. Uncommonly, the eruption may develop a petechial or purpuric appearance. Partial involvement of only the face or the extremities is not uncommon, especially in older children. Over days to weeks, the papules may acquire a smooth-topped, polished, or lichenoid appearance. Other findings upon physical examination include the following:
Fever (27%)
Lymphadenopathy (31%)
Hepatosplenomegaly (4%)
Pharyngeal erythema, oropharyngeal ulcers or vesicles, or tonsillar swelling in cases secondary to infections of the upper respiratory tract
Note the images below.
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Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome appear on the face of this child. The child does not have a toxic appearance.
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Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome can be seen on the extremities, as is the case in this young child.
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A 9-year-old girl who recently returned from a trip to Europe with her family. She developed a low-grade fever, malaise, and some lymphadenopathy. An ....
View Image
A mildly pruritic eruption characterized by erythematous papules localized to the face, arms, legs, and buttocks.
Laboratory studies are not generally indicated. Blood counts may reveal a lymphocytosis and a relative monocytosis or a lymphopenia secondary to an underlying viral infection, if present.
In cases associated with acute infection with the hepatitis B virus, EBV, or CMV, anicteric hepatitis is evident by elevations in the levels of hepatic transaminases and antiviral antibodies. A viral agent can be identified in approximately one third of cases. If a specific infectious etiology is suspected, testing can be directed at potential etiologies, as follows:
EBV - Monospot, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers, or serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
CMV - IgM and IgG titers, serum CMV antigen levels, or serum PCR
RSV, parainfluenza virus, other respiratory viral pathogens - Nasal washing for fluorescent antibody testing or PCR
Enterovirus - Culture or PCR from serum
Parvovirus B19 - IgM and IgG titers or serum PCR
HHV-6 - Serum PCR
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - Serum PCR or pharyngeal culture
The histology of skin biopsy specimens is nonspecific. Mild epidermal acanthosis and spongiosis with focal parakeratosis can be seen. A lymphocytic exocytosis may also be seen. Edema of the papillary dermis and a superficial lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, sometimes with a perivascular localization or a lichenoid appearance, is common. Rarely, features of a lymphocytic vasculitis have been noted.
Education and reassurance are usually sufficient for concerned parents. Some children may require general supportive and symptomatic care for the associated viral or streptococcal infection.
Application of soothing, anti-itch topical preparations with menthol, colloidal oatmeal, or pramoxine in conjunction with oral antihistamines may be useful for relief of pruritus. Use of topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors may be considered but are of questionable efficacy. If an associated streptoccocal or other bacterial infection is identified, a course of an appropriate systemic antibiotic should be initiated.
One report describes rapid resolution of a case of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome occurring in a 6-year-old girl after administration of oral ribavirin.[41]
As the diagnosis is clinical and as the condition is benign and self-limiting, consultation is generally not indicated. If there is concern for an issue related to a specific infectious etiology, such as acute hepatitis secondary to EBV or hepatitis virus infection, specialty consultation may be helpful.
A follow-up visit after 2 months for evaluation of persistent signs or symptoms is advisable. Children with atypical presentations should also be reevaluated after 2-4 weeks to evaluate progression and to confirm the diagnosis.
The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce associated symptoms, in particular pruritus. These agents do not appear to shorten the course of the disease or prevent complications.
For mild cases, no treatment is needed. For children who are symptomatic, topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibits may be considered. Oral antihistamines may also help with pruritus.
Systemic corticosteroids have reportedly been used for more severe cases.
Clinical Context:
Diphenhydramine is used for symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms caused by release of histamine. It competes with histamine for H1-receptor sites on effector cells.
Clinical Context:
Hydroxyzine hydrochloride offers a mild degree of relief from pruritus. It antagonizes H1 receptors in the periphery. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride may suppress histamine activity in the subcortical region of the CNS.
These agents prevent histamine response in sensory nerve endings and blood vessels. They are more effective in preventing histamine response than in reversing it.
What is Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is the pathophysiology of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Which infectious agents have been associated with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Which vaccinations have been associated with dermatologic manifestations of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?How common is Gianotti-Crosti syndrome in the US?What is the global incidence of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the demographics of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is the prognosis of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is involved in patient education for Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is the clinical history of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are clinical findings of dermatologic manifestations of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the complications of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the diagnostic considerations in Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the differential diagnoses for Dermatologic Manifestations of Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome?What are the diagnostic criteria for Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Which lab studies are indicated in the workup of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the histologic findings in Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is the medical care for Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Which specialist consultations are indicated in the treatment of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Are activity restrictions indicated in the treatment of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What is involved in long-term monitoring of patients with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?What are the goals of drug treatment for dermatologic manifestations of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome?Which medications in the drug class Antihistamines are used in the treatment of Dermatologic Manifestations of Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome?
Kara N Shah, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Abbvie; Pfizer<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Pfizer.
Specialty Editors
Richard P Vinson, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Van Perry, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
William D James, MD, Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Albert C Yan, MD, and Paul J Honig, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome appear on the face of this child. The child does not have a toxic appearance.
Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome can be seen on the extremities, as is the case in this young child.
A 9-year-old girl who recently returned from a trip to Europe with her family. She developed a low-grade fever, malaise, and some lymphadenopathy. An eruption limited to her face, arms, legs, and buttocks was noted.
A mildly pruritic eruption characterized by erythematous papules localized to the face, arms, legs, and buttocks.
Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome appear on the face of this child. The child does not have a toxic appearance.
Characteristic erythematous papules of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome can be seen on the extremities, as is the case in this young child.
A 9-year-old girl who recently returned from a trip to Europe with her family. She developed a low-grade fever, malaise, and some lymphadenopathy. An eruption limited to her face, arms, legs, and buttocks was noted.
A mildly pruritic eruption characterized by erythematous papules localized to the face, arms, legs, and buttocks.